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| c. 6 million years ago |
| | | Various species of ape develop the habit of walking upright on two feet | |
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| c. 4.5 million years ago |
| | | Certain primates, in eastern and southern Africa, are by now sufficiently like humans to be classed as hominids | |
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| c. 4.4 million years ago |
| | | Ardi, the earliest known individual of partially human type (or hominid), is of the species Ardipithecus, in the Awash valley region of Ethiopia | |
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| c. 3.2 million years ago |
| | | A female of the species Australopithecus Afarensis (nicknamed Lucy when her skeleton is found), lives in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia within 50 miles of where her predecessor Ardi was unearthed | |
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| c. 2.2 million years ago |
| | | Creatures of the genus Homo, classified as early modern humans, are living in east Africa | |
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| c. 570 BC |
| | | Anaximander, a pupil of Thales, develops bold theories about the formation of the earth and the beginning of life | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | The Greek author Theophrastus writes On the History of Plants, the earliest surviving work on botany | |
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| 1530 |
| | | German botanist Otto Brunfels publishes Living images of plants, the first serious work of natural history with printed illustrations | |
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| 1560 |
| | | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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